In landscape design, what does the term "hardscape" refer to?

Hardscape refers to the non-plant elements used in landscape design, which include materials and structures such as paths, patios, decks, walls, fences, and other architectural features. These components are integral to creating functional outdoor spaces and often serve as the foundation upon which plant elements are integrated.

Hardscape elements can define areas, provide structure and support to a garden, enhance the overall aesthetic of a landscape, and improve accessibility. They are essential for creating balance and contrast with the living plant components of a landscape. In contrast, options that involve planting flowers and trees or designing irrigation systems focus specifically on living materials or water management, while the use of mulch pertains strictly to garden maintenance rather than the structural design of outdoor spaces.