What does the term “hardscape” include in landscape architecture?

In landscape architecture, the term "hardscape" primarily refers to the non-plant elements of a landscape design that are constructed from hard materials. This includes features such as paths, patios, walls, and fencing, which are integral to the overall functionality and aesthetic of an outdoor space. Hardscape elements are often used to define spaces, create accessibility, and enhance the usability of an area by providing surfaces for walking, sitting, and even structural features for privacy or decoration.

Paths and patios serve as walking areas and gathering spaces, while walls can provide privacy, support changes in elevation, or serve as decorative features. Fencing not only delineates properties but can also add security and aesthetic appeal. By incorporating these elements, landscape architects can create a balanced design that harmonizes with the natural aspects of the environment.

The other options describe components that are either not part of hardscape or are more focused on softscape. For example, plant beds and green walls consist mainly of living plants, whereas lawn areas are purely vegetation without any structural component. Natural elements like rocks and trees, while they may contribute to a landscape, also fall under softscape since they involve natural, living materials.