What is the role of soil microorganisms in horticulture?

Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in horticulture, primarily through the process of decomposing organic matter. These microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, break down complex organic materials, such as dead plant and animal tissues, into simpler compounds. This decomposition process releases essential nutrients back into the soil, making them available for plant uptake, promoting healthy plant growth and development.

By transforming organic matter into nutrients, soil microorganisms contribute to the formation of humus, which improves soil structure, moisture retention, and overall soil fertility. The health of the soil ecosystem relies heavily on these microorganisms, as they facilitate nutrient cycling, enhance soil aeration, and support the growth of beneficial plant associations, such as mycorrhizal fungi that enhance root nutrient absorption.

While the other options touch on various soil factors, such as the physical structure of soil and its pH levels, they do not capture the fundamental and transformative contributions of microorganisms in maintaining soil health and promoting robust horticultural practices.