What type of penetration occurs directly through plant tissue?

Direct penetration refers to the process where pathogens invade plant tissue without the need for any external openings or abnormalities. This method is characterized by the ability of certain pathogens, particularly some fungi and nematodes, to directly breach the surface of plant cells.

In this context, it is essential to distinguish that while penetration through stomates involves the pathogen entering via specialized openings on the leaf surface, and penetration through wounds relies on existing damage to the plant tissue, direct penetration specifically involves entry directly through intact plant surfaces. This ability often indicates a higher level of adaptability and virulence in the pathogen, as it allows invasion without waiting for an injury or natural openings. Understanding direct penetration is crucial for managing plant health and developing effective disease management strategies in horticulture.